The data include three data sets of Namcu and Muztagh Ata: an atmospheric aerosol data set of monthly average values of TSP, lithium, sodium and other elements; an atmospheric precipitation chemical data set of monthly average values of soluble sodium ions, potassium ions, magnesium ions, calcium ions and other ions; and a data set of chemical compositions of snow ice in the Zhadang Glacier of Namcu Basin of the concentrations of soluble sodium ions, potassium ions, magnesium ions, calcium ions and other ions in snow pits collected in different months. The data can be used in conducting located observations of atmospheric aerosol element content, precipitation chemistry, and glacier snow ice chemical records in the Namco and Muztagh Ata areas. The samples were processed at the Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes of CAS using ICS2500 and ICS2000 ion-chromatographic analyzers to determine the concentration of soluble anions and cations in the samples. Data collection and processing: 1. The automatic rain gauges were erected in the typical regions of the Tibetan Plateau (the Namco Basin and the Muztagh Ata Peak area) to collect precipitation samples. The precipitation samples were collected using a SYC-2 type rainfall sampler that comprised a collector, rain sensor and gland drive. The sample collector was provided with a rain collection bucket and a dust collection bucket, and the weather condition was sensed by the rain sensor. The rain collection bucket would be opened when it started to rain, and the gland would be pressed onto the dust collection bucket. Meanwhile, the date and the rain start and end times were automatically recorded. When the rain stopped, the gland automatically flipped to the rain collection bucket to complete a rainfall record. The collected samples were placed in 20 mL clean high-density polyethylene plastic bottles and refrigerated in a -20 °C refrigerator. They were frozen during transportation and storage until right before being analyzed, when they would be taken from the refrigerator and thawed at room temperature (20 °C). They were then processed at the Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes CAS using ICS2500 and ICS2000 ion-chromatographic analyzers to determine the concentration of soluble anions and cations in the precipitation. 2. The atmospheric aerosol sampler installed at Namco Station was 4 m above the ground and included a vacuum pump, which was powered by solar panels and batteries. The air flux was recorded by an automatic flow meter, and the instantaneous flow rate was approximately 16.7 L/min. The air flux took the meteorological parameter conversion of the Namco area as the standard volume. A Teflon filter with a diameter of 47 mm and a pore size of 0.4 & mu; m was used. The sample interval was 7 days, and the total sample flow rate of each sample was approximately 120-150 m³. Each sample was individually placed in a disposable filter cartridge and stored at low temperature in a refrigerator. Before and after sampling, the filter was placed in a constant temperature (20 ± 5 °C) and constant humidity (40 & plusmn; 2%) environment for 48 hours and weighed with a 1/10000 electronic balance (AUW220D, Shimadu); the difference between the weights before and after was the weight of the aerosol sample on the filter. The collected samples were processed at the Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes CAS by ICP-MS to determine the concentrations of 18 elements. Strict measures were taken during indoor and outdoor operations to prevent possible contamination. 3. A precleaned plastic shovel was used to collect a sample every 5 cm from the lower part of the snow pit (samples were collected every 10 cm in some snow pits). The samples were dissolved at room temperature, placed in 20 mL clean high-density polyethylene plastic bottles and stored in a refrigerator at -20 °C. The samples were frozen during transportation and storage until they were taken out of the refrigerator before the analysis and melted at room temperature. The samples were processed at the Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes CAS using ICS2500 and ICS2000 ion-chromatographic analyzers to determine the concentrations of soluble anions and cations in the samples. Clean clothing, disposable masks and plastic gloves should be worn during the manual collection of glacier snow ice chemical samples to prevent contamination. The data set was processed by forming a continuous sequence of monthly mean values after the raw data were quality controlled. It meets the accuracy of routine monitoring research on precipitation, aerosol, snow and ice records in China and the world and is satisfactory for comparative study with relevant climate change records.
KANG Shichang
This data set is the concentrations of atmospheric and water POPs in Nam Co, including time series of gas phase OCP, PCBs, PAHs and particulate PAHs in the atmosphere; dissolve and particulate POPs in water. An active air sampler (AAS) was deployed on the roof of Nam Co Monitoring and Research Station for Multisphere Interactions (NCMORS) and the air monitoring was conducted for two consecutive years from September 2012 to September 2014. The flow rate of AAS was 60 L min-1 and the air samples were collected every 2 weeks with a volume of approximately 600 m3 for each sample. The air stream passes first through glass fiber filters (GFFs 0.7 μm, Whatman) to collect the total suspended particulates (TSP) and then through polyurethane foam (PUF, 7.5×6 cm diameter) to retain the POPs in gas phase. Fifteen sites around the Nam Co Lake (surface lake water, 0–1 m depth) were selected to obtain the spatial distribution of POPs in lake water. The water samples (200 L) were filtered with GFFs to obtain the total suspended particulate matter (SPM), and then pumped through an XAD-2 resin column to collect the dissolved phase compounds. All the samples were analyzed at Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Chinese Academy of Sciences. The samples were Soxhlet-extracted, purified on an aluminium/silica column (i.d. 8 mm), a gel permeation chromatography (GPC) column subsequently, and were detected on a gas chromatograph with an ion-trap mass spectrometer (GC-MS, Finnigan Trace GC/PolarisQ) operating under MS–MS mode. A CP-Sil 8CB capillary column (50 m ×0.25 mm, film thickness 0.25 μm) was used for OCPs and PCBs and a DB-5MS column (60 m ×0.25mm, film thickness 0.25 μm) was used for PAHs. Field blanks and procedural blanks were prepared. The recoveries ranged from 64% to 112% for OCPs, and 65% to 92% forPAHs. The reported concentrations were not corrected for recoveries.
WANG Xiaoping
Mercury is a global pollutant.The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is adjacent to South Asia, which currently has the highest atmospheric mercury emissions, and could be affected by long-distance transport.The history of atmospheric mercury transport and deposition can be well reconstructed using ice cores and lake cores. The history of atmospheric mercury deposition since the industrial revolution was reconstructed based on 8 lake cores and 1 ice core from the Tibetan Plateau and the southern slope of the Himalayas.This data set contains 8 lake core data from Namtso, Bangongtso, Linggatso, Guanyong Lake, Tanggula Lake, Gosainkunda Lake, Gokyo Lake and Phewa Lake, and 1 ice core data .The resolution of ice core data is 1 year, lake core data is 2~20 years, and the data include mercury concentration and flux.
KANG Shichang
This data set contains data on the concentrations of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and total suspended particulate (TSP) in the atmosphere at a station in southeastern Tibet (Lulang). The samples were collected using an atmospheric active sampler equipped with a tandem fibreglass membrane-polyurethane foam sampling head. The gaseous POPs and TSPs were collected. The sampling period for each sample was 2 weeks. The types of observed POPs include organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polychorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Only gaseous concentrations were detected for OCPs and PCBs, while both gaseous concentrations and particulate concentrations were detected for PAHs. All of the data contained in the data set are measurement data. The samples were collected in the field at the Integrated Observation and Research Station of the Alpine Environment in Southeast Tibet. The sampler was an atmospheric flow active sampler equipped with a tandem fibreglass membrane-polyurethane foam sampling head, in which the fibreglass membrane was used to collect TSPs and the polyurethane foam was used to adsorb gaseous pollutants in the atmosphere. During the sampling period, the sampler was run every other day for approximately 24 hours each time, and each sample was collected for 2 weeks. The atmospheric volume collected for each sample was 500-700 cubic metres. Both gaseous and particulate POP samples were prepared and analysed in the Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, CAS. The sample preparation steps included Soxhlet extraction, silica-alumina column purification, removal of macromolecular impurities by a GPC column, concentration to a defined volume, etc. The analytical test instrument was a gas chromatography/ion trap mass spectrometer (Finnigan-TRACE GC/PolarisQ) produced by Thermo Fisher Scientific. The column used to separate OCPs and PCBs was a CP-Sil 8CB capillary column (50 m × 0.25 mm × 0.25 μm), and the column used to separate PAHs was a DB-5MS capillary column (60 m x 0.25 mm x 0.25 μm). The total suspended particulate concentration in the atmosphere was determined by the gravimetric method, and the accuracy of the weighing balance was 1/100,000 g. The field samples were subjected to strict quality control with laboratory blanks and field blanks. The detection limit of a given compound was 3 times the standard deviation of the concentration of the corresponding compound in the field blank; if the compound was not detected in the field blank, the detection limit of the method was determined by the lowest concentration of the working curve. For a sample, concentrations above the detection limit of the method are corrected by subtracting the detection limit; concentrations below the detection limit of the method but higher than 1/2 times the detection limit are corrected by subtracting half the method detection limit; and concentrations below 1/2 times the detection limit are considered undetected. The recovery rate of PAH laboratory samples was between 65-120%, and that of OCPs was between 70-130%; the sample concentrations were not corrected by the recovery rate. In the table, undetected data are marked as BDL; data marked in black italics are data corrected by subtracting 1/2 the method detection limit.
WANG Xiaoping
The concentration data set of persistent organic pollutants in the atmosphere, lake water and fish bodies in Namco from 2012 to 2014 includes concentration time series of atmospheric gaseous organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), atmospheric gaseous polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), atmospheric particulate PAHs, dissolved persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in lake water, POPs in suspended particles of lake water and POPs in bodies of Gymnocypris namensis. The contents of the data set are all measured data. (1) The atmospheric samples were collected from the Integrated Observation and Research Station of Multisphere in Namco by the atmospheric active sampler. The flow rate of the sampler is 60 L min-1, which collects data every other day. One sample is generated every half month, and the sampling volume is approximately 600 m³. Each sample includes a glass fiber filter (GFF, 0.45 μm, Whatman) that adsorbs particulate POPs and a polyurethane foam (PUF, 7.5 x 6 cm) that collects gaseous POPs. (2) Fifteen sampling points were selected along Namco to collect surface lake water samples at a water depth of 0-1 m and with a volume of 200 L. The total suspended particulates are obtained by filtering the water samples with a 0.7 μm GFF membrane, and then the dissolved POPs in the water are collected using a solid phase extraction column packed with XAD-2. (3) Gymnocypris namensis is the most widely distributed fish in Namco. A total of 35 samples of different sizes were collected, and the concentration of POPs in the back muscle samples was analyzed. Each medium sample was prepared and analyzed by the Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes of CAS. The sample preparation steps include Soxhlet extraction, silica-alumina column purification, removal of macromolecular impurities by a GPC column, concentration and constant volume. The analytical test instrument was a gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS, Finnigan-Trace GC/PolarisQ) manufactured by American Thermoelectric Corporation. The column separating OCPs and PCBs was a CP-Sil 8CB capillary column (50 m × 0.25 mm × 0.25 μm), and the column separating PAHs was a DB-5MS capillary column (60 m × 0.25 mm × 0.25 μm). Sampling and laboratory analysis procedures followed strict quality control measures with lab blanks and field blanks. The detection limit of the compound is the average of the concentration of the corresponding compound in the field blank plus 3 times the standard deviation; if the compound is not detected in the field blank, the signal-to-noise ratio, 10 times the lowest concentration of the working curve, will be considered as the detection limit. Data below the detection limit are considered undetected and labeled as BDL; data marked in italics are detected by 1/2 times the detection limit. The recovery of PAHs is between 65% and 92%, the recovery of OCPs is between 64% and 112%, and the sample concentration is not corrected using recovery.
WANG Xiaoping
This data set contains the high-resolution tropospheric nitrogen dioxide vertical column concentration pomino v2.1 data in East Asia from 2012 to 2020. It is a new version of the data after bug fix of v2.0.1, which provides an important data basis for studying the spatial distribution characteristics and temporal change trend of tropospheric nitrogen dioxide in China. Based on the tropospheric nitrogen dioxide slant column concentration provided by KNMI, the pomino tropospheric nitrogen dioxide vertical column concentration is calculated through the tropospheric AMF retrieval algorithm developed by ourselves. The comparison with the ground-based observation data shows that the tropospheric nitrogen dioxide column concentration of pomino can better capture the day-to-day variation trend, and has better correlation with the ground-based observation data. At present, the data has been used for scientific research by many universities and scientific research institutions at home and abroad. In the future, the data set will provide more comprehensive data support for scientific research projects on the Qinghai Tibet Plateau.
LIN Jintai
This data set contains the high-resolution tropospheric nitrogen dioxide vertical column concentration pomino v2.0.1 data in East Asia from 2004 to 2020, which provides an important data basis for studying the spatial distribution characteristics and temporal variation trend of tropospheric nitrogen dioxide in China. Based on the tropospheric nitrogen dioxide slant column concentration provided by KNMI, the pomino tropospheric nitrogen dioxide vertical column concentration is calculated through the tropospheric AMF retrieval algorithm developed by ourselves. The comparison with the ground-based observation data shows that the tropospheric nitrogen dioxide column concentration of pomino can better capture the day-to-day variation trend, and has better correlation with the ground-based observation data. At present, the data has been used for scientific research by many universities and scientific research institutions at home and abroad. In the future, the data set will provide more comprehensive data support for scientific research projects on the Qinghai Tibet Plateau.
LIN Jintai
This data set is the long-term concentrations of atmospheric POPs in southeast Tibet, including OCP, PCBs and PAHs. The sampling period in this study was from August 2008 to July 2014. The data was gained from the continuous air monitoring program in STORS. In this program, a low-volume air sampler (~100 L/min) was set at STORS to trap particle- and gas-phase chemicals by a glass fiber filter (GFF, diameter of 9 cm) and polyurethane foam plugs (PUFs, 7.5 cm × 6 cm diameter), respectively. Typically, ~700 m3 of air was collected over a two-week period. Total (gas + particle) phase concentrations are reported. POPs were analyzed at Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Chinese Academy of Sciences. The air samples were Soxhlet-extracted, purified on an aluminium/silica column (i.d. 8 mm), a gel permeation chromatography (GPC) column subsequently. The samples were detected on a gas chromatograph with an ion-trap mass spectrometer (GC-MS, Finnigan Trace GC/PolarisQ) operating under MS–MS mode. A CP-Sil 8CB capillary column (50 m ×0.25 mm, film thickness 0.25 μm) was used for OCPs and PCBs and a DB-5MS column (60 m ×0.25mm, film thickness 0.25 μm) was used for PAHs. Field blanks and procedural blanks were prepared. The recoveries ranged from 64% to 112% for OCPs, and 65% to 92% for PAHs. The reported concentrations were not corrected for recoveries.
WANG Xiaoping
The data collection time is from January to August 2020. Eight sampling points were set up from west to east along the main wind direction in the southern Qaidam Basin. The farthest distance between the two points is about 400 km. They are xiaozaohuo meteorological station (XZH), Hexi Balian (HXB), Xinhua Village (xhc), Golmud Meteorological Bureau (GEM), Baoku Village (BKC), Nuomuhong meteorological station (NMH), Balong township (BLX) Dulan county meteorological station (Dlx). The salt minerals and chemical composition of the collected dustfall were tested, and the content data of soluble minerals and water-soluble ions were obtained.
ZHANG Xiying
The Qinghai Tibet Plateau is surrounded by regions with high global carbon aerosol emissions, and the surrounding black carbon and brown carbon can be transmitted to the plateau. Light absorbing black carbon and brown carbon have warming effect, and their settlement on the surface of ice and snow will also accelerate the melting of glaciers and snow. At present, there is little research on brown carbon in this area, and the research on the correlation between brown carbon components and optics is in its infancy. Therefore, the study of Atmospheric Black Carbon and brown carbon in the Qinghai Tibet Plateau has important climate and environmental significance. The aerosol optical absorption characteristics of Atmospheric Black Carbon and brown carbon were obtained by observing in different regions of the Qinghai Tibet Plateau. It reveals the spatial differences of optical absorption of black carbon, primary Brown carbon and secondary Brown carbon aerosols in different regions of the Qinghai Tibet Plateau.
ZHU Chongshu
Due to the unique lifestyle of residents and single fuel source, the main fuel in the pastoral area of Qinghai Tibet Plateau is dried yak dung. Yak dung is collected in piles or moulded into dung cake, which is stored after air drying. When used for cooking and heating in residences, it is always burned in cast iron stove. The carbonaceous particles released by yak dung burning are almost the only black carbon aerosol emission source in the vast pastoral area besides motor vehicles. This data set was established by measuring the morphology, particle size and element composition of single particles emitted from yak dung combustion in typical pastoral areas of the Qinghai Tibet Plateau. The sampling sites included Dangxiong County in Naqu and Dazi County in Lhasa. The field sampling location were the chimney outlet of residential homes. The particles were collected on the polycarbonate filter membrane and analyzed in the laboratory by means of computer-controlled scanning electron microscope and X-ray energy spectrometer. The environmental single particles emitted from yak dung combustion in pastoral areas include soot aggregates, tar balls, heavy metals containing carbonaceous particles, mineral dust, and soluble salt particles. This data set includes the numer percentages, particle size and their shape factor (aspect ratio, roundness and form factor) of various types of particles with statistical significance, It is not only an effective supplement to the basic data of human activities affecting the atmospheric environment, but also has potential significance for evaluating their optical characteristics, radiation effects, health effects and environmental impact of local source carbonaceous aerosols on the plateau.
HU Tafeng, WU Feng, ZHU Chongshu, DAI Wenting, WANG Qiyuan, ZHANG Ningning
This data is obtained through observation at Namucuo multi cycle comprehensive observation and research station of Chinese Academy of Sciences (2019) and Tibetan southeast alpine environment comprehensive observation and research station of Chinese Academy of Sciences (2021), including the earth atmosphere exchange flux or vertical gradient of species such as O3, NOx, HONO, H2O and HCHO. The time range is from April 28, 2019 to July 10, 2019 (Namuco station) and from May 2, 2021 to May 13, 2021 (Southeast Tibet station). The data consists of five documents. Documents 1-4 are the flux data and H2O vertical gradient, HONO vertical gradient and NO2 vertical gradient observed at Namuco station in 2019. Document 5 is the flux data observed at Southeast Tibet station in 2021. During the monitoring period, data was missing due to instrument status problems. This data has broad application prospects and can serve graduate students and scientists with backgrounds such as atmospheric science, climatology, and ecology.
YE Chunxiang YE Chunxiang
This data-set contains the field measurements of meteorological parameters，trace gases, PM2. 5/PM10, particle number size distribution (12-530 nm), aerosol chemical composition (sulfate and nitrate in PM2.5) at Lulang and Xihai (29.8oN, 94.7oE, 3300 m a.s.l. and 36.9oN, 100.9oE, 3080 m a.s.l., respectively) in southeastern and northeastern part of Tibetan Plateau. The time period of this data-set is from April to May of 2021 and June of 2021. The data-set comes from two measurement campaigns in 2021. The mobile observation platform of Nanjing University, including various online measurement instruments, was used to conduct the field measurements. The data in this data-set is finalized data with the data correction according to the instruments calibration and data quality control based on the data closure research results between multiple instruments. The atmospheric components data, such as trace gases, PM2.5/PM10, particle number size distribution, aerosol chemical composition, are the observation data under actual atmospheric pressure conditions without pressure corrections. The data-set can be directly used to analyze the atmospheric physics and chemistry related scientific issues in the southeastern and northeastern part of the Tibetan Plateau. This data-set supplements the lack of field observation data related to the atmospheric environment in the northeastern part of the Tibetan Plateau.
NIE Wei, CHI Xuguang
This data-set contains the field measurements of meteorological parameters，trace gases, PM2. 5/PM10, particle number size distribution (12-530 nm), aerosol chemical composition (sulfate, nitrate and heavy metal components in PM2.5) at Geermu and Xihai (36.4oN, 94.8oE, 2800 m a.s.l. and 36.9oN, 100.9oE, 3080 m a.s.l., respectively) and the mobile measurements of trace gases in northeastern part of Tibetan Plateau. The time period of this data-set is from September to October in 2019 and 2020. The data-set comes from two measurement campaigns in 2019 and 2020. The mobile observation platform of Nanjing University, including various online measurement instruments（Duvas-DV3000，microAeth®-MA200，Vaisala weather probe）, was used to conduct the field measurements. The data in this data-set is finalized data with the data correction according to the instruments calibration and data quality control based on the data closure research results between multiple instruments. The atmospheric components data, such as trace gases, PM2.5/PM10, particle number size distribution, aerosol chemical composition, are the observation data under actual atmospheric pressure conditions without pressure corrections. The data-set can be directly used to analyze the atmospheric physics and chemistry related scientific issues in the northeastern part of the Tibetan Plateau. This data-set supplements the lack of field observation data related to the atmospheric environment in the northeastern part of the Tibetan Plateau.
NIE Wei, CHI Xuguang
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